Zero-Risk Bias
A tendency to prefer the complete elimination of a risk even when alternative options produce a greater reduction in risk (overall). For example, war against terrorism as opposed to reducing the risk of traffic accidents or gun violence.
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Origin
The bias was first identified in psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky's foundational 1979 prospect theory article, which demonstrated irrational preferences for certain outcomes. The concept explains why people disproportionately value complete risk elimination over larger overall risk reductions, even when the latter provides greater safety benefits. The bias represents an extension of prospect theory's insights into how people evaluate potential losses and gains.
Updated February 22, 2026