All concepts

Self-Handicapping

A cognitive strategy by which people avoid effort in the hopes of keeping potential failure from hurting self-esteem.

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Origin

First theorized by psychologists Edward E. Jones and Steven Berglas in their 1978 paper 'Control of Attributions about the Self through Self-Handicapping Strategies,' published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Working at Princeton and Duke respectively, they used experiments in which subjects chose performance-impairing drugs before a retest.

Updated February 22, 2026