Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Framework for analyzing business competition, consisting of 'horizontal' competition: threat of substitutes, threat of rivals, and threat of new entrants; and 'vertical' competition: bargaining power of suppliers, and bargaining power of customers.
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Origin
Introduced by Michael Porter in his March 1979 Harvard Business Review article 'How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy.' Porter, then a young associate professor at Harvard Business School, drew on industrial-organization economics. He expanded the framework in his 1980 book Competitive Strategy.
Updated February 22, 2026