Homunculus Fallacy

British philosopher Gilbert Ryle developed the conceptual critique in his 1949 work The Concept of Mind, where he dismantled Cartesian dualism by exposing its reliance on a homunculus-like inner entity governing behavior. Ryle argued that explaining intelligent acts through an inner mind applying mental rules creates an infinite regress—the homunculus would itself require another homunculus to explain its actions, and so forth.