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Fermi Paradox

Great Filter

The apparent contradiction between the lack of evidence and high probability estimates for the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations.

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Origin

Named after physicist Enrico Fermi, who posed the question "Where is everybody?" during a 1950 lunchtime conversation at Los Alamos National Laboratory with physicists Emil Konopinski, Edward Teller, and Herbert York. The group had been discussing flying saucers and faster-than-light travel when Fermi's question emerged. According to Teller, everyone immediately understood he meant extraterrestrial life. Fermi followed with calculations on the probability of Earth-like planets, life, intelligence, and technological civilizations, concluding that "we ought to have been visited long ago and many times over"—crystallizing the paradox between high statistical likelihood and absent evidence.

Updated February 22, 2026